Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Maintenance Of Our Computer
The Internet guide has information regarding Internet Child Safety, Email & Email Providers and a guide to Search Engines. The email section gives examples of what the different free email providers have to offer, as well as a beginners guide to email, which explains email-related jargon and how the email system works.
The search engine section contains tips and help on how to search the Internet. There is also a page with the major search engines, so that you can search each one from one single page.
The freeware / shareware section contains free computer programs and trials for you to try, and explains what freeware and shareware are.
The Stop Spam guide includes some tips for helping to decrease the amoutn of Spam you receive as well as how to report it.
Also included is a guide to web-hosting companies, which will help you find a web-hosting package that suits you.
Computer Maintenance Guide The maintenance guide will give you a number of useful ideas in order to keep your computer healthy and to ensure that it doesn't get slowed down by files that you don't need. This section contains guides including backing up, a look at surge protection and how to clean your mouse and your keyboard.
Computer memory help and information
memory, refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s.
In contemporary usage, memory usually refers to a form of semiconductor storage known as random access memory (RAM) and sometimes other forms of fast but temporary storage. Similarly, storage today more commonly refers to mass storage - optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disks, and other types slower than RAM, but of a more permanent nature. Historically, memory and storage were respectively called primary storage and secondary storage.
The contemporary distinctions are helpful, because they are also fundamental to the architecture of computers in general. As well, they reflect an important and significant technical difference between memory and mass storage devices, which has been blurred by the historical usage of the term storage. Nevertheless, this article uses the traditional nomenclature.
Single In-line memory module (SIMM) - A slender circuit board dedicated to storing memory chips. Each chip is capable of holding 8 to 9 chips per board, the ninth chip usually an error checking chip (parity / non parity). The typical bus from the chip to the motherboard is 32-bits wide. When upgrading a Pentium motherboard you will be required to upgrade 2 of the same type of chips at the same time to accommodate the Pentium processor.
SPEED: You can determine the size amount of the chip by looking at the part number of each chip on the SIMM board. For 2-, 8- and 9- chip SIMMs, all the chips should have the same part numbers. Look at the number that ends with a dash and a digit such as "-7". This is the rate speed or nanoseconds of the chip. With "-7" this would indicate that the memory is 70ns.
SIZE: Look at the four digits to the left of this number; these often carry information about the number of bits in the chip. A 4256 indicates 256K bits arranged in sets of four, for a total of 1Mb. "1000" indicates 1MB of bits arranged in one set.
With some types of memory, the last one or two digits may be changed to indicate different kinds of memory; there are 1MB chips that end with 4256, 4257, and 4258. In this case, round the last digits to an even 256 or thousand. Three-chip SIMMs will typically have two larger chips that are four times the capacity of the third chip (because 4 plus 4 plus 1 makes 9, which is the number of bits needed per byte including parity).
In contemporary usage, memory usually refers to a form of semiconductor storage known as random access memory (RAM) and sometimes other forms of fast but temporary storage. Similarly, storage today more commonly refers to mass storage - optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disks, and other types slower than RAM, but of a more permanent nature. Historically, memory and storage were respectively called primary storage and secondary storage.
The contemporary distinctions are helpful, because they are also fundamental to the architecture of computers in general. As well, they reflect an important and significant technical difference between memory and mass storage devices, which has been blurred by the historical usage of the term storage. Nevertheless, this article uses the traditional nomenclature.
Single In-line memory module (SIMM) - A slender circuit board dedicated to storing memory chips. Each chip is capable of holding 8 to 9 chips per board, the ninth chip usually an error checking chip (parity / non parity). The typical bus from the chip to the motherboard is 32-bits wide. When upgrading a Pentium motherboard you will be required to upgrade 2 of the same type of chips at the same time to accommodate the Pentium processor.
SPEED: You can determine the size amount of the chip by looking at the part number of each chip on the SIMM board. For 2-, 8- and 9- chip SIMMs, all the chips should have the same part numbers. Look at the number that ends with a dash and a digit such as "-7". This is the rate speed or nanoseconds of the chip. With "-7" this would indicate that the memory is 70ns.
SIZE: Look at the four digits to the left of this number; these often carry information about the number of bits in the chip. A 4256 indicates 256K bits arranged in sets of four, for a total of 1Mb. "1000" indicates 1MB of bits arranged in one set.
With some types of memory, the last one or two digits may be changed to indicate different kinds of memory; there are 1MB chips that end with 4256, 4257, and 4258. In this case, round the last digits to an even 256 or thousand. Three-chip SIMMs will typically have two larger chips that are four times the capacity of the third chip (because 4 plus 4 plus 1 makes 9, which is the number of bits needed per byte including parity).
Memory Of Computer
Memory, which is commonly referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory), is a temporary (Volatile) storage area utilized by the CPU. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded into the memory which allows the CPU direct access to the program. Memory is a necessity for any computer and it is recommend that you have at least 64MB of memory for your IBM or Macintosh.
There are four groups of memory; we have created a chart which illustrates and tells what each of these groups do. Click here for the memory diagram.
Memory is commonly confused with Hard Drive Space. There are two types of memory; the first type of memory is the memory explained in the above paragraph, this memory is available in computer chips; the other type of memory is actually Hard Drive Space which is stored on the computer Hard Disk Drive. The Hard drive is actually a physical drive which contains several parts and is generally larger than the amount of memory found in your computer.
The below sections help describe the most commonly found types of memory in computers.
There are four groups of memory; we have created a chart which illustrates and tells what each of these groups do. Click here for the memory diagram.
Memory is commonly confused with Hard Drive Space. There are two types of memory; the first type of memory is the memory explained in the above paragraph, this memory is available in computer chips; the other type of memory is actually Hard Drive Space which is stored on the computer Hard Disk Drive. The Hard drive is actually a physical drive which contains several parts and is generally larger than the amount of memory found in your computer.
The below sections help describe the most commonly found types of memory in computers.
Pressures and Goals
Pressures and Goals
There were two major purposes in designing the Rice machine. The first was to provide a platform on which members of the Rice community could do research that would have been impossibly time-consuming without access to a computer. This was, in fact, the major reason that the project was started: Zevi Salsburg wanted a machine as powerful as Los Alamos's MANIAC II to simulate fluid flow. He did not, however, have any desire to move to Los Alamos, and therefore needed a computer to be built at Rice.
The other goal of the machine was to do research into how computers should be built. In the years following John von Neumann's death, the Atomic Energy Commission became quite interested in funding computer research: Salsburg's request came at a time when the AEC's goals could be better met by funding the development of a new system than by offering to build a copy of MANIAC II or to buy a stock IBM computer.
Chronology
Towards the end of 1956, Zevi Salsburg, John Kilpatrick, and Larry Biedenharn, all Rice professors, decided they needed a computer "like the one at Los Alamos."[1] The Atomic Energy Commission, to whom they applied for funding, told the three that, if they could procure an engineer, grant money for a computer's development would be forthcoming. Martin Graham, who had been working at Brookhaven National Laboratory and had done the transformer coupling for Los Alamos's MANIAC II, was invited down to Houston in February of 1957, and became an associate professor in the electrical engineering department at Rice University.
Graham designed the hardware of the Rice Computer, and most of his plans were implemented by Joe Bighorse, the project's head technician. "Joe Bighorse," claimed Graham, "is the best technician I ever had work for me. Anywhere."[2] The combination of a skilled engineer and an excellent technician--as well a Rice alumnus's donation of the use of his tool and die shop for the machining of the computer--produced an extremely well-engineered machine at all levels of design. Since Rice was getting custom machining, the physical layout was designed to hardware requirements rather than having hardware made to fit off-the-shelf structural components. Construction on the machine proceeded from 1958-1961. A copy of the machine was also built at the University of Oklahoma.
Parts of the machine began functioning in 1959, and the computer finally became fully operational in 1961. While not the first computer on campus--a Litton LGP-30 shared by the Mechanical Engineering and Chemical Engineering departments was in use in 1957[3]--it quickly became Rice's primary computer and remained in that role until supplanted by an IBM 7040, followed by a Burroughs B5500, in the late 1960's[4]. Graham took a year-long sabbatical at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964; when he returned in 1965, he ran afoul of departmental politics and the Dean of the School of Engineering[5], and returned to Berkeley on a permanent basis in 1966. Sigsby Rusk assumed the leadership of the Computer Project. Most of the graduate students who had helped with the construction of the machine, such as Ted Schutz, Joel Cyprus, Phil Deck, and Dwayne Chesnut, had left by 1964, and Joe Bighorse departed shortly after Graham.
The R1 was decommissioned in 1971 when the cost of maintaining and powering it had become prohibitively expensive for the limited amount of computation it was able to provide. The R1 was initially named "The Rice Institute Computer" and then became "The Rice University Computer". It acquired the "R1" moniker when it was being used in the design of the Rice Research Computer, a tagged-architecture ECL machine modeled on John Iliffe's Basic Language Machine[6]. Presumably "R2" was a convenient designation for the Rice Research Computer, as Rice's second machine, and "R1" was thus coined as the obvious label for Rice's first computer.
Funding For the Rice Computer
A three-year AEC grant of $250,000 was forthcoming for machine development, supplemented by a five-year Shell Oil grant for $150,000. At some point before 1964, the NSF took over control of funding the project from the AEC: SPIREL and the AP1 assembler were developed with NSF funds. By 1968, external funding for the R1 had essentially ceased
There were two major purposes in designing the Rice machine. The first was to provide a platform on which members of the Rice community could do research that would have been impossibly time-consuming without access to a computer. This was, in fact, the major reason that the project was started: Zevi Salsburg wanted a machine as powerful as Los Alamos's MANIAC II to simulate fluid flow. He did not, however, have any desire to move to Los Alamos, and therefore needed a computer to be built at Rice.
The other goal of the machine was to do research into how computers should be built. In the years following John von Neumann's death, the Atomic Energy Commission became quite interested in funding computer research: Salsburg's request came at a time when the AEC's goals could be better met by funding the development of a new system than by offering to build a copy of MANIAC II or to buy a stock IBM computer.
Chronology
Towards the end of 1956, Zevi Salsburg, John Kilpatrick, and Larry Biedenharn, all Rice professors, decided they needed a computer "like the one at Los Alamos."[1] The Atomic Energy Commission, to whom they applied for funding, told the three that, if they could procure an engineer, grant money for a computer's development would be forthcoming. Martin Graham, who had been working at Brookhaven National Laboratory and had done the transformer coupling for Los Alamos's MANIAC II, was invited down to Houston in February of 1957, and became an associate professor in the electrical engineering department at Rice University.
Graham designed the hardware of the Rice Computer, and most of his plans were implemented by Joe Bighorse, the project's head technician. "Joe Bighorse," claimed Graham, "is the best technician I ever had work for me. Anywhere."[2] The combination of a skilled engineer and an excellent technician--as well a Rice alumnus's donation of the use of his tool and die shop for the machining of the computer--produced an extremely well-engineered machine at all levels of design. Since Rice was getting custom machining, the physical layout was designed to hardware requirements rather than having hardware made to fit off-the-shelf structural components. Construction on the machine proceeded from 1958-1961. A copy of the machine was also built at the University of Oklahoma.
Parts of the machine began functioning in 1959, and the computer finally became fully operational in 1961. While not the first computer on campus--a Litton LGP-30 shared by the Mechanical Engineering and Chemical Engineering departments was in use in 1957[3]--it quickly became Rice's primary computer and remained in that role until supplanted by an IBM 7040, followed by a Burroughs B5500, in the late 1960's[4]. Graham took a year-long sabbatical at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964; when he returned in 1965, he ran afoul of departmental politics and the Dean of the School of Engineering[5], and returned to Berkeley on a permanent basis in 1966. Sigsby Rusk assumed the leadership of the Computer Project. Most of the graduate students who had helped with the construction of the machine, such as Ted Schutz, Joel Cyprus, Phil Deck, and Dwayne Chesnut, had left by 1964, and Joe Bighorse departed shortly after Graham.
The R1 was decommissioned in 1971 when the cost of maintaining and powering it had become prohibitively expensive for the limited amount of computation it was able to provide. The R1 was initially named "The Rice Institute Computer" and then became "The Rice University Computer". It acquired the "R1" moniker when it was being used in the design of the Rice Research Computer, a tagged-architecture ECL machine modeled on John Iliffe's Basic Language Machine[6]. Presumably "R2" was a convenient designation for the Rice Research Computer, as Rice's second machine, and "R1" was thus coined as the obvious label for Rice's first computer.
Funding For the Rice Computer
A three-year AEC grant of $250,000 was forthcoming for machine development, supplemented by a five-year Shell Oil grant for $150,000. At some point before 1964, the NSF took over control of funding the project from the AEC: SPIREL and the AP1 assembler were developed with NSF funds. By 1968, external funding for the R1 had essentially ceased
Saturday, April 25, 2009
Information about Computer Ports
The ports to look for on a computer include USB, FireWire, Ethernet, and S-video or HDMI. USB ports let you connect many add-on devices, such as digital cameras or external hard drives, as well as a memory drive for copying files to and from the hard drive. Having these ports at the front of the case makes connecting devices more convenient. An Ethernet port or wireless network card lets you link several computers in the household to share files, a printer, or a broadband Internet connection. FireWire or IEEE 1394 ports are used to capture video from digital camcorders and connect to other peripheral devices. An S-video or HDMI output jack lets you run a video cable from the computer to a television so you can use the computer's DVD drive to view a movie on a TV instead of on the computer monitor. Media-center PCs (equipped with TV tuners) can also capture video from a VCR, letting you copy tapes to DVDs. The once-ubiquitous modem port is disappearing from new PCs as dial-up Internet access marches toward oblivion. Other slots to look for on a new computer are memory-card readers for flash cards.
For laptops: Most laptops let you attach those devices without the docking station. At least two USB ports for easy hookup of, say, a printer, digital camera, or scanner are standard. A wired network (Ethernet) port is also standard. A FireWire port for digital-video transfer is common. An internal wireless-network (Wi-Fi) adapter is standard. Another option is an internal Bluetooth wireless adapter to link to a Bluetooth-capable cell phone, camera, or another laptop.
For laptops: Most laptops let you attach those devices without the docking station. At least two USB ports for easy hookup of, say, a printer, digital camera, or scanner are standard. A wired network (Ethernet) port is also standard. A FireWire port for digital-video transfer is common. An internal wireless-network (Wi-Fi) adapter is standard. Another option is an internal Bluetooth wireless adapter to link to a Bluetooth-capable cell phone, camera, or another laptop.
What is Optical drive?
DVD writers are standard gear on today's computers. A DVD burner provides removable storage for home-video footage or digital photos. With the HD disc format wars over, Blu-ray disc (BD) drives are the standard to look for. BD is capable of playing the growing list of Blu-ray movies and can store 50GB, almost six times the capacity of a double-layer DVD. On some systems, you might find Blu-Ray/HD DVD combo drives, which can also play whatever HD DVD movies are still out there. There are also three older competing, incompatible DVD formats-DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM. Some drives can write in more than one format, but all can create a disc that will play on stand-alone DVD players.
how to buy computer?
Features
The key components of a computer are the processor, memory, operating system, hard drive, graphics adapter (with video RAM), optical drive, and display (monitor). Laptop computers have additional features and considerations that are important. Where applicable, we've noted feature information that is important and distinctive to the type of computers.
Processor | Random access memory (RAM) | Operating system | Graphics adapter and video RAM | Hard drive | Optical drive | Monitor | Display | Case | Battery | Mouse | Touchpad | Keyboard | Sound system | Ports | Card slots | Docking station | Log-on security
Processor
This is the computer's "brains." Clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), and the chip's design, termed "architecture," determine how quickly it can process information. Within a processor family, the higher the clock speed, the faster the computer. But different processor families reach different efficiencies.
For laptops: Laptops generally come with a dual-core processor. If you're on a budget, an Intel Pentium Dual-Core or AMD Turion 64 X2 is fine. For greater power or battery life, get an Intel Core 2 Duo
For desktops: The lowest-priced Windows systems probably use Pentium Dual-Core, Celeron D, Athlon 64, or Sempron processors. But most common now are dual-processor desktops. Dual-core processor families from Intel (Core 2 Duo) and AMD (Athlon 64 X2) represent newer technologies developed to increase processing power beyond what a single-chip processor can achieve. Macs have transitioned to Intel Core 2 Duo series processors. Quad-core processors are also becoming more common in higher-end desktops, and AMD also offers a triple-core processor.
The different processor families make direct speed comparisons difficult, but any recent processor family will probably deliver all the speed you need.
The key components of a computer are the processor, memory, operating system, hard drive, graphics adapter (with video RAM), optical drive, and display (monitor). Laptop computers have additional features and considerations that are important. Where applicable, we've noted feature information that is important and distinctive to the type of computers.
Processor | Random access memory (RAM) | Operating system | Graphics adapter and video RAM | Hard drive | Optical drive | Monitor | Display | Case | Battery | Mouse | Touchpad | Keyboard | Sound system | Ports | Card slots | Docking station | Log-on security
Processor
This is the computer's "brains." Clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), and the chip's design, termed "architecture," determine how quickly it can process information. Within a processor family, the higher the clock speed, the faster the computer. But different processor families reach different efficiencies.
For laptops: Laptops generally come with a dual-core processor. If you're on a budget, an Intel Pentium Dual-Core or AMD Turion 64 X2 is fine. For greater power or battery life, get an Intel Core 2 Duo
For desktops: The lowest-priced Windows systems probably use Pentium Dual-Core, Celeron D, Athlon 64, or Sempron processors. But most common now are dual-processor desktops. Dual-core processor families from Intel (Core 2 Duo) and AMD (Athlon 64 X2) represent newer technologies developed to increase processing power beyond what a single-chip processor can achieve. Macs have transitioned to Intel Core 2 Duo series processors. Quad-core processors are also becoming more common in higher-end desktops, and AMD also offers a triple-core processor.
The different processor families make direct speed comparisons difficult, but any recent processor family will probably deliver all the speed you need.
Computer Features
Suggested Minimum Personal Computer Features
A Reference for Prospective Engineering Students
Ohio State University‘s General Information Technology for Parents
Download PDFThe OSU College of Engineering does not require engineering students to have their own personal computer. The College does maintain a predominantly Windows/Intel PC environment with most computers using a version of Microsoft?s XP? operating system (Migration to Windows Vista® is occurring in some departments). Engineering students are provided access to certain College computers and software in support of their academic programs. However, the following computer related information is offered as a guideline for individuals who wish to obtain their own personal computer in anticipation of an academic career at The Ohio State University in the College of Engineering.
A Reference for Prospective Engineering Students
Ohio State University‘s General Information Technology for Parents
Download PDFThe OSU College of Engineering does not require engineering students to have their own personal computer. The College does maintain a predominantly Windows/Intel PC environment with most computers using a version of Microsoft?s XP? operating system (Migration to Windows Vista® is occurring in some departments). Engineering students are provided access to certain College computers and software in support of their academic programs. However, the following computer related information is offered as a guideline for individuals who wish to obtain their own personal computer in anticipation of an academic career at The Ohio State University in the College of Engineering.
Friday, April 24, 2009
Mobiles In 2020
shock for those predicting that it would be in the next few years or so!
According to a new report by the “Pew Internet & American Life Project”, people will only be using Mobile devices to access the net in around 2020. The “Future of the Internet III” study checked nearly “600 Internet experts” (I wonder what that means….) about how technology will influence things like net access - the result was that opinion was centred on 2020 as the year that will occur.
The experts believed that by 2020 there will changes in cost (of device and access), and also that universal standards will dominate. Another comment was that mobile devices will be computers rather phones.
Personally, I don’t go along with this at all - the thought that a universal standard for any tech could pervade the whole world, to my mind, is crazy. It’s been proven time and time again that not everyone likes standards, and even in the rare instances where they do, the fact that they require everyones’ agreement means they move very slowly.
To be fair, some of the experts that the research connected with were not in agreement with the main views - limitations such as device screen size, and operators’ interference were cited as issues.
Other key findings included the identification of voice recognition, and also touchscreens as being more common by 2020 - also that work/personal time divides will become more blurred - and that definitely is NOT good.
According to a new report by the “Pew Internet & American Life Project”, people will only be using Mobile devices to access the net in around 2020. The “Future of the Internet III” study checked nearly “600 Internet experts” (I wonder what that means….) about how technology will influence things like net access - the result was that opinion was centred on 2020 as the year that will occur.
The experts believed that by 2020 there will changes in cost (of device and access), and also that universal standards will dominate. Another comment was that mobile devices will be computers rather phones.
Personally, I don’t go along with this at all - the thought that a universal standard for any tech could pervade the whole world, to my mind, is crazy. It’s been proven time and time again that not everyone likes standards, and even in the rare instances where they do, the fact that they require everyones’ agreement means they move very slowly.
To be fair, some of the experts that the research connected with were not in agreement with the main views - limitations such as device screen size, and operators’ interference were cited as issues.
Other key findings included the identification of voice recognition, and also touchscreens as being more common by 2020 - also that work/personal time divides will become more blurred - and that definitely is NOT good.
How to Use Mobile UC to Increase Productivity and Reduce Mobile Costs
There are a lot of reasons to adopt a mobile unified communications solution. Sometimes all a company really needs is one good reason. Ross Teague, director of ITEC Intelligent Services, helps a rugby club save wireless costs by bringing in unified communications.
My company, ITEC Intelligent Services, is very focused on matching businesses with a mobile solution that helps them be more competitive. We have already found several ideal candidates among hospitals, schools and hotels for one of our favorite emerging technologies: mobile UC (unified communications). These types of businesses need to lower mobile communications costs through increased productivity and reduced cell plan costs. But one of our customers, a rugby club, is turning out to be an unexpectedly perfect fit.
This rugby club has an interesting challenge to explain because the entity in question is a sports team. However, the pain points are common to businesses around the world. Because the club’s players are recruited from other countries, the club’s long-distance calling charges are astronomical. Also, the nearly 50 stewards (the folks who help fans find their seats) must constantly use their mobile phones to do their jobs. Because of this, they rack up tons of minutes. Stewards start using their mobile phones an hour before a game and they don’t stop again until an hour after it’s finished.
My company, ITEC Intelligent Services, is very focused on matching businesses with a mobile solution that helps them be more competitive. We have already found several ideal candidates among hospitals, schools and hotels for one of our favorite emerging technologies: mobile UC (unified communications). These types of businesses need to lower mobile communications costs through increased productivity and reduced cell plan costs. But one of our customers, a rugby club, is turning out to be an unexpectedly perfect fit.
This rugby club has an interesting challenge to explain because the entity in question is a sports team. However, the pain points are common to businesses around the world. Because the club’s players are recruited from other countries, the club’s long-distance calling charges are astronomical. Also, the nearly 50 stewards (the folks who help fans find their seats) must constantly use their mobile phones to do their jobs. Because of this, they rack up tons of minutes. Stewards start using their mobile phones an hour before a game and they don’t stop again until an hour after it’s finished.
Mobile phone use 'raises children's risk of brain cancer fivefold'
Children and teenagers are five times more likely to get brain cancer if they use mobile phones, startling new research indicates.
The study, experts say, raises fears that today's young people may suffer an "epidemic" of the disease in later life. At least nine out of 10 British 16-year-olds have their own handset, as do more than 40 per cent of primary schoolchildren.
Yet investigating dangers to the young has been omitted from a massive £3.1m British investigation of the risks of cancer from using mobile phones, launched this year, even though the official Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research (MTHR) Programme – which is conducting it – admits that the issue is of the "highest priority".
Despite recommendations of an official report that the use of mobiles by children should be "minimised", the Government has done almost nothing to discourage it.
Last week the European Parliament voted by 522 to 16 to urge ministers across Europe to bring in stricter limits for exposure to radiation from mobile and cordless phones, Wi-fi and other devices, partly because children are especially vulnerable to them. They are more at risk because their brains and nervous systems are still developing and because – since their heads are smaller and their skulls are thinner – the radiation penetrates deeper into their brains.
The Swedish research was reported this month at the first international conference on mobile phones and health.
It sprung from a further analysis of data from one of the biggest studies carried out into the risk that the radiation causes cancer, headed by Professor Lennart Hardell of the University Hospital in Orebro, Sweden. Professor Hardell told the conference – held at the Royal Society by the Radiation Research Trust – that "people who started mobile phone use before the age of 20" had more than five-fold increase in glioma", a cancer of the glial cells that support the central nervous system. The extra risk to young people of contracting the disease from using the cordless phone found in many homes was almost as great, at more than four times higher.
Those who started using mobiles young, he added, were also five times more likely to get acoustic neuromas, benign but often disabling tumours of the auditory nerve, which usually cause deafness.
By contrast, people who were in their twenties before using handsets were only 50 per cent more likely to contract gliomas and just twice as likely to get acoustic neuromas.
Professor Hardell told the IoS: "This is a warning sign. It is very worrying. We should be taking precautions." He believes that children under 12 should not use mobiles except in emergencies and that teenagers should use hands-free devices or headsets and concentrate on texting. At 20 the danger diminishes because then the brain is fully developed. Indeed, he admits, the hazard to children and teenagers may be greater even than his results suggest, because the results of his study do not show the effects of their using the phones for many years. Most cancers take decades to develop, longer than mobile phones have been on the market.
The research has shown that adults who have used the handsets for more than 10 years are much more likely to get gliomas and acoustic neuromas, but he said that there was not enough data to show how such relatively long-term use would increase the risk for those who had started young.
He wants more research to be done, but the risks to children will not be studied in the MTHR study, which will follow 90,000 people in Britain. Professor David Coggon, the chairman of the programmes management committee, said they had not been included because other research was being done on young people by a study at Sweden's Kariolinska Institute.
He said: "It looks frightening to see a five-fold increase in cancer among people who started use in childhood," but he said he "would be extremely surprised" if the risk was shown to be so high once all the evidence was in.
But David Carpenter, dean of the School of Public Health at the State University of NewYork – who also attended the conference – said: "Children are spending significant time on mobile phones. We may be facing a public health crisis in an epidemic of brain cancers as a result of mobile phone use."
In 2000 and 2005, two official inquiries under Sir William Stewart, a former government chief scientist, recommended the use of mobile phones by children should be "discouraged" and "minimised".
But almost nothing has been done, and their use by the young has more than doubled since the turn of the millennium.
The study, experts say, raises fears that today's young people may suffer an "epidemic" of the disease in later life. At least nine out of 10 British 16-year-olds have their own handset, as do more than 40 per cent of primary schoolchildren.
Yet investigating dangers to the young has been omitted from a massive £3.1m British investigation of the risks of cancer from using mobile phones, launched this year, even though the official Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research (MTHR) Programme – which is conducting it – admits that the issue is of the "highest priority".
Despite recommendations of an official report that the use of mobiles by children should be "minimised", the Government has done almost nothing to discourage it.
Last week the European Parliament voted by 522 to 16 to urge ministers across Europe to bring in stricter limits for exposure to radiation from mobile and cordless phones, Wi-fi and other devices, partly because children are especially vulnerable to them. They are more at risk because their brains and nervous systems are still developing and because – since their heads are smaller and their skulls are thinner – the radiation penetrates deeper into their brains.
The Swedish research was reported this month at the first international conference on mobile phones and health.
It sprung from a further analysis of data from one of the biggest studies carried out into the risk that the radiation causes cancer, headed by Professor Lennart Hardell of the University Hospital in Orebro, Sweden. Professor Hardell told the conference – held at the Royal Society by the Radiation Research Trust – that "people who started mobile phone use before the age of 20" had more than five-fold increase in glioma", a cancer of the glial cells that support the central nervous system. The extra risk to young people of contracting the disease from using the cordless phone found in many homes was almost as great, at more than four times higher.
Those who started using mobiles young, he added, were also five times more likely to get acoustic neuromas, benign but often disabling tumours of the auditory nerve, which usually cause deafness.
By contrast, people who were in their twenties before using handsets were only 50 per cent more likely to contract gliomas and just twice as likely to get acoustic neuromas.
Professor Hardell told the IoS: "This is a warning sign. It is very worrying. We should be taking precautions." He believes that children under 12 should not use mobiles except in emergencies and that teenagers should use hands-free devices or headsets and concentrate on texting. At 20 the danger diminishes because then the brain is fully developed. Indeed, he admits, the hazard to children and teenagers may be greater even than his results suggest, because the results of his study do not show the effects of their using the phones for many years. Most cancers take decades to develop, longer than mobile phones have been on the market.
The research has shown that adults who have used the handsets for more than 10 years are much more likely to get gliomas and acoustic neuromas, but he said that there was not enough data to show how such relatively long-term use would increase the risk for those who had started young.
He wants more research to be done, but the risks to children will not be studied in the MTHR study, which will follow 90,000 people in Britain. Professor David Coggon, the chairman of the programmes management committee, said they had not been included because other research was being done on young people by a study at Sweden's Kariolinska Institute.
He said: "It looks frightening to see a five-fold increase in cancer among people who started use in childhood," but he said he "would be extremely surprised" if the risk was shown to be so high once all the evidence was in.
But David Carpenter, dean of the School of Public Health at the State University of NewYork – who also attended the conference – said: "Children are spending significant time on mobile phones. We may be facing a public health crisis in an epidemic of brain cancers as a result of mobile phone use."
In 2000 and 2005, two official inquiries under Sir William Stewart, a former government chief scientist, recommended the use of mobile phones by children should be "discouraged" and "minimised".
But almost nothing has been done, and their use by the young has more than doubled since the turn of the millennium.
Learn how to use Your Mobile Phone Cell Phone
Learn how to use Your Mobile Phone Cell Phone
Life without a cell-phone… how did we survive without them? From a fashion statement, status symbol, luxury to a necessity, the journey of cellular telephones has been one of great technological advancement. But do we, who take these "cells" for granted, ever think of the technology behind it? A cell phone service is based on a simple idea. It is like a two-way radio, turned into a circuit switched telephone network, comparable in functionality to its landline counterpart. We had wireless sets before, used by security, police, organizers etc. but cell phones were not only accessible easily, they were more personal.
THE CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY There is a type of low power two-way radio base station, which serves a coverage area, divided into many smaller zones (cells). Telephone handsets continuously search for the closest base station, and hop from base station to base station if the user was on the move. This strategy of replacing one high power base station with many low power base stations distributed throughout the coverage area made it possible to handle far more subscribers, and reduced the power requirements for wireless telephones.
Reducing the amount of power needed to carry a conversation through the airwaves, made it possible for manufacturers to produce much smaller phones. While solid state circuitry advances have played an important role in reducing the size and weight of portable phones, the reduction of power requirements eliminated the need for bulky, heavy batteries to power handsets.
The first cellular telephone network put to widespread use was an analog system called AMPS. An AMPS is an analog, frequency modulation scheme (the same scheme used in FM radio). At the time cellular was introduced, FM modulation/demodulation circuitry was a commodity product, and so this was the most cost effective way to introduce cellular service. Digital cellular did not become cost effective until the 1990s when DSP based platforms came down in price enough to make it practical to create an all-digital telephone handset.
HOW IT WORKS:
Scan Channels: A scan for the closest cell site near you is made, so that you can get the strongest signals possible due to your location at the moment.
Send Message: The phone then sends a short message to the cell site verifying the MIN, ESN, and the number that you have just entered to call.
Assign Channel: After verifying the above information and your number, the base assigns a message to your phone, telling it where the conversation is. Talk: The phone then gets on that channel and begins to ring.
A cell phone has become easily accessible today, as it can fit in most pockets. (pun intended!) a decent cell-phone will be available starting Rs. 5000/- and of course, the sky is the limit if you want an expensive model. Another thing to note is that cell phone prices are going down as the market becomes more competitive.
Small is in. At least where the cell phones go. The new tiny single-chassis phones are called "candy bar" models, a reference to their shape. Many weigh less than 200 grams, battery included. The familiar squat flip-phones -- those that open like communicators from the old "Star Trek" -- also are ultra-light.
Batteries are getting smaller too. New nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are smaller and lighter than the Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) batteries, but often provide about 40 percent less power. The latest batteries are the Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) and the Lithium Polymer batteries, which are of superior quality.
The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) is a standard performance testing association for cell phones. Like an ISI seal, it too has an approval seal.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG WITH A CELL PHONE Your cell phone is tailor-made to deal with tough conditions, which come from the fact that it is a mobile service. But nonetheless, the instruments can take only so much abuse, and are susceptible to breaking.
If your phone gets wet, or if you dial the numbers with wet hands, and water gets into the buttons and internal corrosion may occur. Make sure your phone is dry, especially when it is switched on.
Using a belt-clip or a holster keeps the cell phone firmly in its place, and prevents it from falling off accidentally.
Try not to stuff your phone in with all your other worldly possessions, it may cause the glass display screens to crack.
Extreme heat can cause damage to the cell phone electronics and the cell phone battery. Extreme cold can also cause a temporary loss of the display screen.
SAFE USAGE OF CELL PHONES WHILE DRIVING
Do not use the cell phone in heavy traffic.
Do not dial while driving, if it is so important, ask someone to call for you. If you are alone, pull over on the side and dial.
Use your cell phone for short calls.
Be prepared to end your phone call abruptly.
Use memory-dialing options. Learn to use your phone without having to look at it.
Never take notes while driving.
Make sure your phone is easily reachable when driving.
VARIOUS OPTIONS Cellular Phone Carrier:
The normal subscription system, where you get a monthly bill for all calls made.
Prepaid Cellular Phone:
You pay for the service in advance, where the amount in your account is debited with per call made. When the account has been used, you have to get a new card. A pre-paid phone service does not require the initial investment as the monthly service. However, the per call cost is more in a pre-paid. Also, benefits like free night-talk, and others are not available.
Cellular Phone Accessories:
Extra batteries, vehicle antennas, battery chargers / conditioners, battery eliminators, hands free kits, and leather cases, are all the accessories available.
Hands Free:
An important safety feature that's included with most of today's mobile phones. It permits drivers to use their cellular phone without lifting or holding the handset to their ear. You can speak into your handset by placing it near you during a conversation.
Voice Activated Dialing:
A feature available only on selected phones and hands-free car kits that permits you to dial numbers by calling them out to your cellular phone, instead of dialing them manually. This function is especially convenient for making calls from your vehicle while driving.
Life without a cell-phone… how did we survive without them? From a fashion statement, status symbol, luxury to a necessity, the journey of cellular telephones has been one of great technological advancement. But do we, who take these "cells" for granted, ever think of the technology behind it? A cell phone service is based on a simple idea. It is like a two-way radio, turned into a circuit switched telephone network, comparable in functionality to its landline counterpart. We had wireless sets before, used by security, police, organizers etc. but cell phones were not only accessible easily, they were more personal.
THE CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY There is a type of low power two-way radio base station, which serves a coverage area, divided into many smaller zones (cells). Telephone handsets continuously search for the closest base station, and hop from base station to base station if the user was on the move. This strategy of replacing one high power base station with many low power base stations distributed throughout the coverage area made it possible to handle far more subscribers, and reduced the power requirements for wireless telephones.
Reducing the amount of power needed to carry a conversation through the airwaves, made it possible for manufacturers to produce much smaller phones. While solid state circuitry advances have played an important role in reducing the size and weight of portable phones, the reduction of power requirements eliminated the need for bulky, heavy batteries to power handsets.
The first cellular telephone network put to widespread use was an analog system called AMPS. An AMPS is an analog, frequency modulation scheme (the same scheme used in FM radio). At the time cellular was introduced, FM modulation/demodulation circuitry was a commodity product, and so this was the most cost effective way to introduce cellular service. Digital cellular did not become cost effective until the 1990s when DSP based platforms came down in price enough to make it practical to create an all-digital telephone handset.
HOW IT WORKS:
Scan Channels: A scan for the closest cell site near you is made, so that you can get the strongest signals possible due to your location at the moment.
Send Message: The phone then sends a short message to the cell site verifying the MIN, ESN, and the number that you have just entered to call.
Assign Channel: After verifying the above information and your number, the base assigns a message to your phone, telling it where the conversation is. Talk: The phone then gets on that channel and begins to ring.
A cell phone has become easily accessible today, as it can fit in most pockets. (pun intended!) a decent cell-phone will be available starting Rs. 5000/- and of course, the sky is the limit if you want an expensive model. Another thing to note is that cell phone prices are going down as the market becomes more competitive.
Small is in. At least where the cell phones go. The new tiny single-chassis phones are called "candy bar" models, a reference to their shape. Many weigh less than 200 grams, battery included. The familiar squat flip-phones -- those that open like communicators from the old "Star Trek" -- also are ultra-light.
Batteries are getting smaller too. New nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are smaller and lighter than the Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) batteries, but often provide about 40 percent less power. The latest batteries are the Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) and the Lithium Polymer batteries, which are of superior quality.
The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) is a standard performance testing association for cell phones. Like an ISI seal, it too has an approval seal.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG WITH A CELL PHONE Your cell phone is tailor-made to deal with tough conditions, which come from the fact that it is a mobile service. But nonetheless, the instruments can take only so much abuse, and are susceptible to breaking.
If your phone gets wet, or if you dial the numbers with wet hands, and water gets into the buttons and internal corrosion may occur. Make sure your phone is dry, especially when it is switched on.
Using a belt-clip or a holster keeps the cell phone firmly in its place, and prevents it from falling off accidentally.
Try not to stuff your phone in with all your other worldly possessions, it may cause the glass display screens to crack.
Extreme heat can cause damage to the cell phone electronics and the cell phone battery. Extreme cold can also cause a temporary loss of the display screen.
SAFE USAGE OF CELL PHONES WHILE DRIVING
Do not use the cell phone in heavy traffic.
Do not dial while driving, if it is so important, ask someone to call for you. If you are alone, pull over on the side and dial.
Use your cell phone for short calls.
Be prepared to end your phone call abruptly.
Use memory-dialing options. Learn to use your phone without having to look at it.
Never take notes while driving.
Make sure your phone is easily reachable when driving.
VARIOUS OPTIONS Cellular Phone Carrier:
The normal subscription system, where you get a monthly bill for all calls made.
Prepaid Cellular Phone:
You pay for the service in advance, where the amount in your account is debited with per call made. When the account has been used, you have to get a new card. A pre-paid phone service does not require the initial investment as the monthly service. However, the per call cost is more in a pre-paid. Also, benefits like free night-talk, and others are not available.
Cellular Phone Accessories:
Extra batteries, vehicle antennas, battery chargers / conditioners, battery eliminators, hands free kits, and leather cases, are all the accessories available.
Hands Free:
An important safety feature that's included with most of today's mobile phones. It permits drivers to use their cellular phone without lifting or holding the handset to their ear. You can speak into your handset by placing it near you during a conversation.
Voice Activated Dialing:
A feature available only on selected phones and hands-free car kits that permits you to dial numbers by calling them out to your cellular phone, instead of dialing them manually. This function is especially convenient for making calls from your vehicle while driving.
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Searching for new mobile seller
If you have ever spent long days and nights searching for suppliers. If you've ever lost money to a scammer. If you're level of frustration is at its peak, then you need to hear my message...
If you could:
Take control of your future and make hundreds if not thousands per day
Live the life you've always wanted - the money, the home, the vacations
Get introduced to the underground wholesalers of the world's hottest selling electronics
Implement a step-by-step business model that is used by the Powersellers
Would you?
Or will you continue on with your fruitless internet searches?
Stop! And listen very closely to what I'm going to say...
Your search for wholesale suppliers of Apple iPods, Microsoft XBoxs, Sony PS3s, and cell phones is over.
I know these suppliers. I've used them. And I'm going to introduce you to them.
Why would I do this?
Because, I was exactly like you... only four years ago...
Fellow eBay hopeful,
If you have spent any amount of time searching for suppliers of authentic wholesale electronics, I am sure that by now you are frustrated. I know I was.
The problem is... you don't know who you can trust.
You've heard and read the horror stories. People getting scammed. Losing hundreds or thousands of dollars. Searching the internet, message boards, forums, and chat rooms... all to no avail.
Most have given up by now... and that's a good thing. But not you...
You have miraculously hit upon the right site... for once.
For once you will have the opportunity that you have been searching for. The opportunity that can open up the flood gates of success. The opportunity that will allow you to be free from worry. The opportunity for happiness. The opportunity that until now has eluded you.
Or has it?...
Prepare yourself for what I'm about to tell you, because you will not like what you are about to hear...
You see, you've been lied to. You have been kept in the dark. Your chance at success has been withheld from you. It is no accident that you haven't found what you're looking for.
And I am one of the people that did this to you...
I'm not the only one. There are many of us.
We sell on eBay. We own websites. Some of us even have retail shoppes. We are a group of successful entrepreneurs that have made our own way.
We live the life you dream about.
We are the best of the best on eBay. The Powersellers.
We protect ourselves and our businesses. We talk to people like you on the eBay message boards all the time. We give you advice. We give you encouragement. And we tell you lies.
We tell you things like "You will not find good wholesalers on the internet." "Buying lists are a waste of time." Or "Attend trade shows and you will find good wholesalers".
And to be honest, they're not total lies. Because there is some truth in those statements. But in reality, those statements are smokescreens. Under the guise of helpfulness, we secretly hold you back. We are mostly hoping to dissuade you from starting a business in the first place.
We don't want you as competition.
Now I'm not sorry. So don't think I'm going to apologize. And if my personal situation hadn't changed, I'd still be doing this to you.
I'd be doing it to you because I'm not stupid. It took extreme effort, countless hours, sleepless nights, and a LOT of wasted money to be successful. It was in my best interest to keep you locked out. To keep you in the dark. To keep you running in circles.
Think about it for just a moment. If you had fought, scraped, and clawed your way into the top levels, would you just "be a nice guy" and let others in on it? So they could compete with you? And take with ease what you fought and worked so hard for? Of course you wouldn't.
Being successful in business sometimes requires ruthless tactics.
And I'm not exactly a "nice guy"...
If you could:
Take control of your future and make hundreds if not thousands per day
Live the life you've always wanted - the money, the home, the vacations
Get introduced to the underground wholesalers of the world's hottest selling electronics
Implement a step-by-step business model that is used by the Powersellers
Would you?
Or will you continue on with your fruitless internet searches?
Stop! And listen very closely to what I'm going to say...
Your search for wholesale suppliers of Apple iPods, Microsoft XBoxs, Sony PS3s, and cell phones is over.
I know these suppliers. I've used them. And I'm going to introduce you to them.
Why would I do this?
Because, I was exactly like you... only four years ago...
Fellow eBay hopeful,
If you have spent any amount of time searching for suppliers of authentic wholesale electronics, I am sure that by now you are frustrated. I know I was.
The problem is... you don't know who you can trust.
You've heard and read the horror stories. People getting scammed. Losing hundreds or thousands of dollars. Searching the internet, message boards, forums, and chat rooms... all to no avail.
Most have given up by now... and that's a good thing. But not you...
You have miraculously hit upon the right site... for once.
For once you will have the opportunity that you have been searching for. The opportunity that can open up the flood gates of success. The opportunity that will allow you to be free from worry. The opportunity for happiness. The opportunity that until now has eluded you.
Or has it?...
Prepare yourself for what I'm about to tell you, because you will not like what you are about to hear...
You see, you've been lied to. You have been kept in the dark. Your chance at success has been withheld from you. It is no accident that you haven't found what you're looking for.
And I am one of the people that did this to you...
I'm not the only one. There are many of us.
We sell on eBay. We own websites. Some of us even have retail shoppes. We are a group of successful entrepreneurs that have made our own way.
We live the life you dream about.
We are the best of the best on eBay. The Powersellers.
We protect ourselves and our businesses. We talk to people like you on the eBay message boards all the time. We give you advice. We give you encouragement. And we tell you lies.
We tell you things like "You will not find good wholesalers on the internet." "Buying lists are a waste of time." Or "Attend trade shows and you will find good wholesalers".
And to be honest, they're not total lies. Because there is some truth in those statements. But in reality, those statements are smokescreens. Under the guise of helpfulness, we secretly hold you back. We are mostly hoping to dissuade you from starting a business in the first place.
We don't want you as competition.
Now I'm not sorry. So don't think I'm going to apologize. And if my personal situation hadn't changed, I'd still be doing this to you.
I'd be doing it to you because I'm not stupid. It took extreme effort, countless hours, sleepless nights, and a LOT of wasted money to be successful. It was in my best interest to keep you locked out. To keep you in the dark. To keep you running in circles.
Think about it for just a moment. If you had fought, scraped, and clawed your way into the top levels, would you just "be a nice guy" and let others in on it? So they could compete with you? And take with ease what you fought and worked so hard for? Of course you wouldn't.
Being successful in business sometimes requires ruthless tactics.
And I'm not exactly a "nice guy"...
HISTORY of Mobile (1950 to 2020)
HISTORY
NATIVE AMERICAN
In 1715 the French Governor Bienville relocated the Taensa Indians to the region of the Tensaw River (thus the source of its name), where they remained until they followed the French across the Mississippi River 50 years later. (Cruising Guide)
The Creeks also occupied portions of the Tensaw swamplands. The Choctaws registered 2,300 warriors within the city of Mobile in 1771 with another 2,000 throughout the region. On the eastern side of the Mobile River the Taensa and Maubillia Indians lived. The Maubilia Indians would eventually lend a variation of their name to the city, the bay, and the river.
In 1765, the Choctaw’s signed the first in a series of treaties that would ultimately remove all Indians from Alabama soil. Called the Treaty of Mobile, it established the boundary line between the English territory and the Choctaw Nation. All land between the Cahaba and the Buckatunna Rivers became the property of the whites. (History of the Alabama 1540-1900)
COLONIAL
Just 27 years after Christopher Columbus first introduced America to the western world, Admiral Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer, became the first European to sail into the waters of Mobile Bay. The year was 1519, and it would be another twenty years before another European would actually take a step in today’s Alabama. Between 1540 and 1541, the well-known explorer and marauder De Soto came close to the Mobile River, but it is unknown if he ever actually traveled to the juncture of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers where the Mobile River begins.
The first white colonists in Alabama landed on the shores of Mobile Bay in 1559 under the leadership of Tistan de Luna. He and one-thousand settlers, after landing at Mobile Bay, moved on to Pensacola Bay, and eventually returned to Alabama to take over the Indian town of Nanipacna. (Rivers of Alabama)
A Canadian born Frenchman, Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’Iberville would be the first European to leave a considerable mark on the history of Mobile. In the late 1600’s the French government were laying plans to settle and therefore claim the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Spanish, upon learning of plans for a permanent French settlement on the Gulf, quickly scrambled to occupy Pensacola Bay in 1698, denying the French port facilities where they could.
After Iberville’s first reconnaissance for a Mississippi settlement in 1699, he returned to the Gulf in 1702 and began the establishment of warehouses and port facilities on Mobile Bay’s Dauphin Island because of the presence of a deep water harbor, and the strategic importance of slowing the Spanish and English march across the eastern frontier towards the Mississippi River. (Futado)
They named the island, Massacre Island because of the presence of some sixty skeletons that were found upon landing there. Two years later in 1701 Dauphin Island became the first capital of the growing French colony of Louisiana. Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’Iberville was the first of the DeMoyne brothers to make his mark upon the history of Alabama. He established the first Mobile settlement in 1702, at a site upstream from Mobile Bay along the Tensaw River at 27-Mile Bluff. The settlement was named Mobile, and the fort that was its center was called Fort Louis (for their Grand Monarch and employer, King Louis the XIV). (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 )
The purpose for locating the original Mobile settlement 26 miles upriver was in part to encourage settlement along the river. Topography was also a consideration as there were no bluffs considered adequate at the river’s mouth. (Futado). Within two years, in 1704, La Mobille was the center of the French plans in the region. After problems with having adequate defenses for the port at Dauphin Island as well as flooding problems encountered at the river settlement, the town was moved to the mouth of the Mobile River in 1711. Today’s city of Mobile has evolved from this early French settlement.
The LeMoyne brothers, Canadian borne frenchman, arrived first at Daulphin Island and built port and warehouse facilities in 1699.
By 1704 there were 80 houses in the town and a population of 259. (Futado et. all 1989:60) This location allowed better access to the interior but unfortunately was susceptible to unpredictable and frequent flooding. (History of Alabama)HHH
The settlement was moved shortly thereafter, in 1710, to its present location which had the benefit of facilitating better communication and commerce with ocean vessels. (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 ) A new fort named Conde was built, and the town that grew around it evolved into present day Mobile. (Futado et. all 1989:60)
Bienville was the second of the LeMoyne brothers who served as the first governor of Mobile shortly after his brother Iberville died of illness. (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 )
The French tried to retain their claim to the interior of today’s Alabama and built a fort at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa to defend against the English while establishing trade relations with the Creek Indians. A second fort, named Tombecbe was placed amongst the Choctaw tribe in what is now Sumter County. All of these enterprises failed.
The French occupied Mobile until the Treaty of Paris in 1763 cedes the Louisiana territory to England.
1780 Spain takes Mobile from England.
1813, Mobile becomes part of the US. 1817 Alabama becomes territory. 1818 becomes state. 1820s Age of the steamboat. Cotton is major export crop for the Bay.
1868 Mobile’s first municipal sewer lines are laid.
1886 Bienville Water Works is established, later purchased by the city.
1888 Ship channel deepened to 23 feet.
1902 First street pavement is laid.
1923 Alabama State Docks authorized
1926 Battleship Parkway (the Causeway) built between Baldwin and Mobile.
1964 Battleship U.S.S. Alabama is brought to Mobile.
1978 “The Bayway” is opened.
CIVIL WAR
The Battle of Mobile Bay - 1864
Perhaps the most famous quote from an American naval commandeer during any war was uttered by David Glasgow Farragut, a Naval Commander for the Union forces during the Civil War. In August of 1864 the Union forces set sights to defeat Mobile, the south’s second ranking cotton port, (eclipsed only by New Orleans which was captured by Farrugut just two years earlier in April, 1862). At the time, Mobile was the best fortified city in the Confederacy. One of the city’s most daunting fortifications was the placement of approximately 180 torpedoes (or floating mines anchored to the bottom and triggered to explode on contact) throughout the entrance to Mobile Bay.
The Union’s first ironclad ship to enter the Bay the morning of August 2nd was named the “Tecumseh” and while taking on fire from Fort Morgan from the right, and the Confederate ironclad the “Tennessee” from the front, shortly struck a torpedo and sunk almost immediately. The armada of ships paused to consider their options, when Farragut’s now famous order followed. “Damn the torpedoes and full speed ahead.”
Farragut’s fleet made it safely through the mine field and began a long and exciting open water battle with the south’s best ironclad, the “Tennessee.” Confederate Commander Franklin Buchanan, bravely attacked the entire fleet, but being thoroughly outnumbered eventually surrendered only after the ship was crippled by attack. The Bay had fallen, and within a few days, most of the surrounding forts. It would be almost a year before the city itself surrendered just weeks before the close of the war. (Waugh)
NATIVE AMERICAN
In 1715 the French Governor Bienville relocated the Taensa Indians to the region of the Tensaw River (thus the source of its name), where they remained until they followed the French across the Mississippi River 50 years later. (Cruising Guide)
The Creeks also occupied portions of the Tensaw swamplands. The Choctaws registered 2,300 warriors within the city of Mobile in 1771 with another 2,000 throughout the region. On the eastern side of the Mobile River the Taensa and Maubillia Indians lived. The Maubilia Indians would eventually lend a variation of their name to the city, the bay, and the river.
In 1765, the Choctaw’s signed the first in a series of treaties that would ultimately remove all Indians from Alabama soil. Called the Treaty of Mobile, it established the boundary line between the English territory and the Choctaw Nation. All land between the Cahaba and the Buckatunna Rivers became the property of the whites. (History of the Alabama 1540-1900)
COLONIAL
Just 27 years after Christopher Columbus first introduced America to the western world, Admiral Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer, became the first European to sail into the waters of Mobile Bay. The year was 1519, and it would be another twenty years before another European would actually take a step in today’s Alabama. Between 1540 and 1541, the well-known explorer and marauder De Soto came close to the Mobile River, but it is unknown if he ever actually traveled to the juncture of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers where the Mobile River begins.
The first white colonists in Alabama landed on the shores of Mobile Bay in 1559 under the leadership of Tistan de Luna. He and one-thousand settlers, after landing at Mobile Bay, moved on to Pensacola Bay, and eventually returned to Alabama to take over the Indian town of Nanipacna. (Rivers of Alabama)
A Canadian born Frenchman, Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’Iberville would be the first European to leave a considerable mark on the history of Mobile. In the late 1600’s the French government were laying plans to settle and therefore claim the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Spanish, upon learning of plans for a permanent French settlement on the Gulf, quickly scrambled to occupy Pensacola Bay in 1698, denying the French port facilities where they could.
After Iberville’s first reconnaissance for a Mississippi settlement in 1699, he returned to the Gulf in 1702 and began the establishment of warehouses and port facilities on Mobile Bay’s Dauphin Island because of the presence of a deep water harbor, and the strategic importance of slowing the Spanish and English march across the eastern frontier towards the Mississippi River. (Futado)
They named the island, Massacre Island because of the presence of some sixty skeletons that were found upon landing there. Two years later in 1701 Dauphin Island became the first capital of the growing French colony of Louisiana. Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’Iberville was the first of the DeMoyne brothers to make his mark upon the history of Alabama. He established the first Mobile settlement in 1702, at a site upstream from Mobile Bay along the Tensaw River at 27-Mile Bluff. The settlement was named Mobile, and the fort that was its center was called Fort Louis (for their Grand Monarch and employer, King Louis the XIV). (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 )
The purpose for locating the original Mobile settlement 26 miles upriver was in part to encourage settlement along the river. Topography was also a consideration as there were no bluffs considered adequate at the river’s mouth. (Futado). Within two years, in 1704, La Mobille was the center of the French plans in the region. After problems with having adequate defenses for the port at Dauphin Island as well as flooding problems encountered at the river settlement, the town was moved to the mouth of the Mobile River in 1711. Today’s city of Mobile has evolved from this early French settlement.
The LeMoyne brothers, Canadian borne frenchman, arrived first at Daulphin Island and built port and warehouse facilities in 1699.
By 1704 there were 80 houses in the town and a population of 259. (Futado et. all 1989:60) This location allowed better access to the interior but unfortunately was susceptible to unpredictable and frequent flooding. (History of Alabama)HHH
The settlement was moved shortly thereafter, in 1710, to its present location which had the benefit of facilitating better communication and commerce with ocean vessels. (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 ) A new fort named Conde was built, and the town that grew around it evolved into present day Mobile. (Futado et. all 1989:60)
Bienville was the second of the LeMoyne brothers who served as the first governor of Mobile shortly after his brother Iberville died of illness. (History of Alabama 1540-1900 &A Documentary History to 1900 )
The French tried to retain their claim to the interior of today’s Alabama and built a fort at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa to defend against the English while establishing trade relations with the Creek Indians. A second fort, named Tombecbe was placed amongst the Choctaw tribe in what is now Sumter County. All of these enterprises failed.
The French occupied Mobile until the Treaty of Paris in 1763 cedes the Louisiana territory to England.
1780 Spain takes Mobile from England.
1813, Mobile becomes part of the US. 1817 Alabama becomes territory. 1818 becomes state. 1820s Age of the steamboat. Cotton is major export crop for the Bay.
1868 Mobile’s first municipal sewer lines are laid.
1886 Bienville Water Works is established, later purchased by the city.
1888 Ship channel deepened to 23 feet.
1902 First street pavement is laid.
1923 Alabama State Docks authorized
1926 Battleship Parkway (the Causeway) built between Baldwin and Mobile.
1964 Battleship U.S.S. Alabama is brought to Mobile.
1978 “The Bayway” is opened.
CIVIL WAR
The Battle of Mobile Bay - 1864
Perhaps the most famous quote from an American naval commandeer during any war was uttered by David Glasgow Farragut, a Naval Commander for the Union forces during the Civil War. In August of 1864 the Union forces set sights to defeat Mobile, the south’s second ranking cotton port, (eclipsed only by New Orleans which was captured by Farrugut just two years earlier in April, 1862). At the time, Mobile was the best fortified city in the Confederacy. One of the city’s most daunting fortifications was the placement of approximately 180 torpedoes (or floating mines anchored to the bottom and triggered to explode on contact) throughout the entrance to Mobile Bay.
The Union’s first ironclad ship to enter the Bay the morning of August 2nd was named the “Tecumseh” and while taking on fire from Fort Morgan from the right, and the Confederate ironclad the “Tennessee” from the front, shortly struck a torpedo and sunk almost immediately. The armada of ships paused to consider their options, when Farragut’s now famous order followed. “Damn the torpedoes and full speed ahead.”
Farragut’s fleet made it safely through the mine field and began a long and exciting open water battle with the south’s best ironclad, the “Tennessee.” Confederate Commander Franklin Buchanan, bravely attacked the entire fleet, but being thoroughly outnumbered eventually surrendered only after the ship was crippled by attack. The Bay had fallen, and within a few days, most of the surrounding forts. It would be almost a year before the city itself surrendered just weeks before the close of the war. (Waugh)
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